TRIANGULAR FIBROCARTILAGE COMPLEX (TFCC) TEAR/ WRIST PAIN

Updated: Feb 1

TFCC is a cartilage located in the wrist at side of small finger that acts as cushion and support for carpal bones of hand. It is also considered as the major ligamentous stabilizer of distal radioulnar joint and the ulnar carpus. It also keeps the forearm bones stable with movements of grasp and rotation. An injury or tear to the TFCC can cause chronic wrist pain that is often misdiagnosed by the practitioners due to its close relationship with other structures in the area.

TYPES OF TFCC tears

There are two types of TFCC tears.

1. Type 1 tears are called traumatic tears. Falling on an outstretched hand and excessive arm rotation are the most common causes.

 

2. Type 2 TFCC tears are degenerative or chronic. They can occur over time and with age. The degenerative process wears the cartilage down over time. Degenerative tears mostly appear after age of 50. Some inflammatory disorders, such as RA or gout, may also contribute to Type 2 TFCC tears.

SYMPTOMS

Symptoms include:

· Pain, at the base of small finger side of the wrist

· Pain worsens as the wrist is bent from side to side

· Swelling in the wrist

· Painful clicking in the wrist

· Loss of grip strength

DIAGNOSIS

Careful examination of wrist is required to rule out TFCC. An X-ray may be required depending on the severity of pain and inflammation to check for fractures and other abnormalities. The most reliable imaging test is an MRI, which allows doctors to inspect the tissue and cartilage to see the extent of the injury.

TREATMENT

Non-surgical treatment options include:

· Splint or cast

·Anti-inflammatory medication, such as ibuprofen

· Cortisone injection

· Physiotherapy

PHYSIOTHERAPY TREATMENT FOR WRIST PAIN DUE TO TFCC

Nonsurgical Treatment

If the wrist is still stable, then conservative (non-operative) care is advised. You may be given a temporary splint to wear for four to six weeks. The splint will immobilize (hold still) your wrist and allow scar tissue to form at the injury site. Anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed and physiotherapy will be recommended. Your physiotherapist may use ice pack and some modalities such as IFC, Ultrasound, Laser therapy so as to promote faster healing of the soft tissues.

The initial aim of treatment for a TFCC injury at Curezone Physiotherapy is to decrease the inflammation and pain around the area. As part of your treatment your physiotherapist may check your workstation posturing and the way you do your daily tasks. We will also educate you about healthy body alignment and proper wrist positions. Curezone physiotherapy preventing future problems is as much a part of our treatment as treating the current injury.

Once the initial pain and inflammation has calmed down, your physiotherapist will focus on improving the mobility and strength of your wrist and hand. They will take measurements of your wrist range of motion and grip strength to determine if there are any specific deficits to work on and to track your progress.
Simple wrist and finger stretching exercises will be prescribed and should be done within the limits of pain. Exercises to improve the motions of bending and straightening of the wrist, turning your palm up (supination) and then back over (pronation,) moving your wrist towards your little finger (ulnar deviation) and then towards your thumb (radial deviation), as well as twisting of the wrist will be given.

Strengthening exercises will also be prescribed. These exercises will focus on improving both the strength of the wrist as well as the ability of the hand to grip and exert force when twisting, grabbing, bearing weight, or doing functional activities such as those required for your work or sport. Exercises to improve strength will include eccentric exercises for the forearm muscles. Eccentric contractions occur as the muscle lengthens and the tendon and muscle is put under stretch. Eccentric exercises for the wrist are initiated by dropping the wrist down slowly at first and then also slowly returning to the neutral position. As able, the drop portion of the exercise is progressed to a quick motion. These exercises will help to build up the tensile strength in the tissues and associated muscles of the wrist to be able to control and protect the wrist. Strengthening exercises will be prescribed not only for the bending motion of your wrist, but also for the motion where your wrist moves towards and away from your thumb (ulnar and radial deviation.)

This motion, along with rotation of the wrist, are particularly stressful to the TFCC area. Your therapist will ensure that your injury is at an appropriate stage of healing before introducing eccentric exercises or strengthening ulnar and radial deviation as these types of exercises put significant stress through the TFCC area and can aggravate a healing injury. Another stressful exercise for the tissues of the TFCC is one that involves putting weight-bearing force through the wrist, such as when you push a door open with your hand or do a push up. Your therapist will add these types of exercises once they know the healing process has progressed enough to not aggravate your wrist.

To learn more about how to treat your wrist and get back to work you can call or email us and we would be happy to book you with our physiotherapist at Curezone physiotherapy Mississauga in the Heartland location.

Surgical treatment options include:

Surgery is generally needed for those tears that don’t heal or respond to the conservative treatment. This can be performed arthroscopically through limited incisions. Recovery is several weeks in a cast or splint. Therefore, post-surgical rehab usually requires physiotherapy to get the wrist back to full function.

Key Evidence

Lubiatowski P, Romanowski L, Spławski R, Manikowski W, Ogrodowicz P. Treatment of injury of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC). Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2006;8(3): 256-262.

Henry MH. Management of acute triangular fibrocartilage complex injury of the wrist. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008;16(6):320-329.

REFERENCES

Kavi Sachar, Ulnar-Sided Wrist Pain: Evaluation and Treatment of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears, Ulnocarpal Impaction Syndrome, and Lunotriquetral Ligament Tears, journal of hand surgery, July 2012, Level 1A

Rettig AC, Athletic Injuries of the wrist and hand, part 1: traumatic injuries of the wrist. Am J Sports Med 2003:31(6):1038-48, Level 1A

Verheyden JR, Palmer AK. EMedicine. Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex. EMedicine Article (accessed 25 June 2009).

Parmelee-Peters, K., & Eathorne, S. (2005). The Wrist: Common Injuries and Management. Primary Care, Clinics in Office Practice, 35-70. Level 2A

Hagert E., Proprioception of the Wrist Joint: A Review of Current Concepts and Possible Implications on the Rehabilitation of the Wrist, Journal of Hand Therapy, 2010 Jan-Mar 23, 2-16, Level 1A

Sheena John

Registered Physiotherapist

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TRIANGULAR FIBROCARTILAGE COMPLEX (TFCC) TEAR/ WRIST PAIN

Updated: Feb 1

TFCC is a cartilage located in the wrist at side of small finger that acts as cushion and support for carpal bones of hand. It is also considered as the major ligamentous stabilizer of distal radioulnar joint and the ulnar carpus. It also keeps the forearm bones stable with movements of grasp and rotation. An injury or tear to the TFCC can cause chronic wrist pain that is often misdiagnosed by the practitioners due to its close relationship with other structures in the area.

TYPES OF TFCC tears

There are two types of TFCC tears.

1. Type 1 tears are called traumatic tears. Falling on an outstretched hand and excessive arm rotation are the most common causes.

 

2. Type 2 TFCC tears are degenerative or chronic. They can occur over time and with age. The degenerative process wears the cartilage down over time. Degenerative tears mostly appear after age of 50. Some inflammatory disorders, such as RA or gout, may also contribute to Type 2 TFCC tears.

SYMPTOMS

Symptoms include:

· Pain, at the base of small finger side of the wrist

· Pain worsens as the wrist is bent from side to side

· Swelling in the wrist

· Painful clicking in the wrist

· Loss of grip strength

DIAGNOSIS

Careful examination of wrist is required to rule out TFCC. An X-ray may be required depending on the severity of pain and inflammation to check for fractures and other abnormalities. The most reliable imaging test is an MRI, which allows doctors to inspect the tissue and cartilage to see the extent of the injury.

TREATMENT

Non-surgical treatment options include:

· Splint or cast

·Anti-inflammatory medication, such as ibuprofen

· Cortisone injection

· Physiotherapy

PHYSIOTHERAPY TREATMENT FOR WRIST PAIN DUE TO TFCC

Nonsurgical Treatment

If the wrist is still stable, then conservative (non-operative) care is advised. You may be given a temporary splint to wear for four to six weeks. The splint will immobilize (hold still) your wrist and allow scar tissue to form at the injury site. Anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed and physiotherapy will be recommended. Your physiotherapist may use ice pack and some modalities such as IFC, Ultrasound, Laser therapy so as to promote faster healing of the soft tissues.

The initial aim of treatment for a TFCC injury at Curezone Physiotherapy is to decrease the inflammation and pain around the area. As part of your treatment your physiotherapist may check your workstation posturing and the way you do your daily tasks. We will also educate you about healthy body alignment and proper wrist positions. Curezone physiotherapy preventing future problems is as much a part of our treatment as treating the current injury.

Once the initial pain and inflammation has calmed down, your physiotherapist will focus on improving the mobility and strength of your wrist and hand. They will take measurements of your wrist range of motion and grip strength to determine if there are any specific deficits to work on and to track your progress.
Simple wrist and finger stretching exercises will be prescribed and should be done within the limits of pain. Exercises to improve the motions of bending and straightening of the wrist, turning your palm up (supination) and then back over (pronation,) moving your wrist towards your little finger (ulnar deviation) and then towards your thumb (radial deviation), as well as twisting of the wrist will be given.

Strengthening exercises will also be prescribed. These exercises will focus on improving both the strength of the wrist as well as the ability of the hand to grip and exert force when twisting, grabbing, bearing weight, or doing functional activities such as those required for your work or sport. Exercises to improve strength will include eccentric exercises for the forearm muscles. Eccentric contractions occur as the muscle lengthens and the tendon and muscle is put under stretch. Eccentric exercises for the wrist are initiated by dropping the wrist down slowly at first and then also slowly returning to the neutral position. As able, the drop portion of the exercise is progressed to a quick motion. These exercises will help to build up the tensile strength in the tissues and associated muscles of the wrist to be able to control and protect the wrist. Strengthening exercises will be prescribed not only for the bending motion of your wrist, but also for the motion where your wrist moves towards and away from your thumb (ulnar and radial deviation.)

This motion, along with rotation of the wrist, are particularly stressful to the TFCC area. Your therapist will ensure that your injury is at an appropriate stage of healing before introducing eccentric exercises or strengthening ulnar and radial deviation as these types of exercises put significant stress through the TFCC area and can aggravate a healing injury. Another stressful exercise for the tissues of the TFCC is one that involves putting weight-bearing force through the wrist, such as when you push a door open with your hand or do a push up. Your therapist will add these types of exercises once they know the healing process has progressed enough to not aggravate your wrist.

To learn more about how to treat your wrist and get back to work you can call or email us and we would be happy to book you with our physiotherapist at Curezone physiotherapy Mississauga in the Heartland location.

Surgical treatment options include:

Surgery is generally needed for those tears that don’t heal or respond to the conservative treatment. This can be performed arthroscopically through limited incisions. Recovery is several weeks in a cast or splint. Therefore, post-surgical rehab usually requires physiotherapy to get the wrist back to full function.

Key Evidence

Lubiatowski P, Romanowski L, Spławski R, Manikowski W, Ogrodowicz P. Treatment of injury of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC). Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2006;8(3): 256-262.

Henry MH. Management of acute triangular fibrocartilage complex injury of the wrist. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008;16(6):320-329.

REFERENCES

Kavi Sachar, Ulnar-Sided Wrist Pain: Evaluation and Treatment of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears, Ulnocarpal Impaction Syndrome, and Lunotriquetral Ligament Tears, journal of hand surgery, July 2012, Level 1A

Rettig AC, Athletic Injuries of the wrist and hand, part 1: traumatic injuries of the wrist. Am J Sports Med 2003:31(6):1038-48, Level 1A

Verheyden JR, Palmer AK. EMedicine. Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex. EMedicine Article (accessed 25 June 2009).

Parmelee-Peters, K., & Eathorne, S. (2005). The Wrist: Common Injuries and Management. Primary Care, Clinics in Office Practice, 35-70. Level 2A

Hagert E., Proprioception of the Wrist Joint: A Review of Current Concepts and Possible Implications on the Rehabilitation of the Wrist, Journal of Hand Therapy, 2010 Jan-Mar 23, 2-16, Level 1A

Sheena John

Registered Physiotherapist

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